Lithium niobate electro-optical theem modulator (lithium niobate modulator) raws li cov txheej txheem titanium diffusion muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo, kev hloov pauv siab bandwidth, qis ib nrab yoj voltage, siab puas tsuaj rau lub zog kho qhov muag, thiab lwm yam. chirp tswj nyob rau hauv high-speed optical kev sib txuas lus systems, theem hloov nyob rau hauv coherent kev sib txuas lus systems, tiam ntawm sidebands nyob rau hauv ROF systems, thiab txo cov stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) hauv analog optical fiber kev sib txuas lus.